飛び飛びの2項定理

飛び飛びの2項定理
2項定理で飛び飛びのとき次が成り立つ。

(1)偶数

\[ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,2k\right)a^{2k}b^{n-2k}=\frac{1}{2}\left\{ \left(a+b\right)^{n}+\left(-a+b\right)^{n}\right\} \]

(2)奇数

\[ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,2k+1\right)a^{2k+1}b^{n-\left(2k+1\right)}=\frac{1}{2}\left\{ \left(a+b\right)^{n}-\left(-a+b\right)^{n}\right\} \]

(3)一般形

\[ \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}C\left(n,mk+l\right)a^{mk+l}b^{n-\left(mk+l\right)}=\frac{1}{m}\sum_{j=0}^{m-1}\omega_{m}^{-jl}\left(a\omega_{m}^{j}+b\right)^{n} \]
\(\omega\)は1の\(n\)乗根、
\[ \omega_{n}=e^{\frac{2\pi}{n}i} \] である。

(1)

\begin{align*} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,2k\right)a^{2k}b^{n-2k} & =\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\left(1+\left(-1\right)^{k}\right)C\left(n,k\right)a^{k}b^{n-k}\\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left\{ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,k\right)a^{k}b^{n-k}+\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\left(-1\right)^{k}C\left(n,k\right)a^{k}b^{n-k}\right\} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left\{ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,k\right)a^{k}b^{n-k}+\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,k\right)\left(-a\right)^{k}b^{n-k}\right\} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left\{ \left(a+b\right)^{n}+\left(-a+b\right)^{n}\right\} \end{align*}

(2)

\begin{align*} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,2k+1\right)a^{2k+1}b^{n-\left(2k+1\right)} & =\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,k\right)a^{k}b^{n-k}-\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,2k\right)a^{2k}b^{n-2k}\\ & =\left(a+b\right)^{n}-\frac{1}{2}\left\{ \left(a+b\right)^{n}+\left(-a+b\right)^{n}\right\} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left\{ \left(a+b\right)^{n}-\left(-a+b\right)^{n}\right\} \end{align*}

(2)-2

\begin{align*} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,2k+1\right)a^{2k+1}b^{n-\left(2k+1\right)} & =\frac{1}{2}\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\left(1-\left(-1\right)^{k}\right)C\left(n,k\right)a^{k}b^{n-k}\\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left\{ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,k\right)a^{k}b^{n-k}-\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\left(-1\right)^{k}C\left(n,k\right)a^{k}b^{n-k}\right\} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left\{ \sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,k\right)a^{k}b^{n-k}-\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}C\left(n,k\right)\left(-a\right)^{k}b^{n-k}\right\} \\ & =\frac{1}{2}\left\{ \left(a+b\right)^{n}-\left(-a+b\right)^{n}\right\} \end{align*}

(3)

\[ \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\left(\omega_{n}^{k}\right)^{m}=n\delta_{0,\mod\left(m,n\right)} \] が成り立つので、
\begin{align*} \sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}C\left(n,mk+l\right)a^{mk+l}b^{n-\left(mk+l\right)} & =\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}C\left(n,k\right)a^{k}b^{n-k}\delta_{0,\mod\left(k-l,m\right)}\\ & =\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}C\left(n,k\right)a^{k}b^{n-k}\frac{1}{m}\sum_{j=0}^{m-1}\left(\omega_{m}^{j}\right)^{k-l}\\ & =\frac{1}{m}\left(\omega_{m}^{j}\right)^{-l}\sum_{j=0}^{m-1}\sum_{k=-\infty}^{\infty}C\left(n,k\right)\left(a\omega_{m}^{j}\right)^{k}b^{n-k}\\ & =\frac{1}{m}\sum_{j=0}^{m-1}\omega_{m}^{-jl}\left(a\omega_{m}^{j}+b\right)^{n} \end{align*}

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飛び飛びの2項定理
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